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Annotated Bibliography
Banta, T. W., Suskie, L., & Walvoord, B. E. (2015, January). Three Assessment Tenors Look Back and to the Future. Assessment Update, 27(1), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/au.30008
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Ultimately, the method to access is how assessment tools may be racist—the justification for updating particular assessment instruments. The notion of how we interact with the world as it is must be the goal. As a result, specific assessment techniques are not cognizant of systemic racism. The notion of how we interact with the world as it is must be the goal. The objective is to increase access for all scholars simultaneously. Understanding Critical Race Theory and how it functions can help us as educators work together to transform systems rather than trying to overthrow the systems that are currently in place. This source provided specific assessment examples for the Humanities higher education class.
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“Charles R. Lawrence III's Biography.” The HistoryMakers, https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/charles-r-lawrence-iii.
Earlier sources told me about this additional person. So I conducted some research because I wanted to know more. I found out that Lawrence is still a faculty member at the University of Hawaii at Manoa Law School as of June 2023, where he was a Centennial and Emeritus Professor of Law. Furthermore, he has expertise in both anti-discrimination law and critical race theory. By maintaining Critical Race Theory at the forefront of both his research and teaching, this individual maintains it relevant and active in today's college classrooms.
Critical Race Theory and Associated Photos. Pinterest. (n.d.). Retrieved March 5, 2023, from https://www.pinterest.com/search/pins/rs=ac&len=2&q=critical+race+theory&eq=Critical+Race&etslf=13165
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All of the images on this website came from Pinterest, except for the pictures of the author's family and friends on the "About the Author" page and those used to analyze different comp theories from CANVAS. The Wix website easily is updated with images downloaded from Pinterest. It is quite difficult to download images from other avenues. The images I selected examine, emphasize, or shed light on the history of critical race theory, the field's prominent scholars, the banning of young adult literature, and other topics. The purpose of the photographs is to increase knowledge and engagement with the theory.
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Delgado, Richard, and Jean Stefancic. Critical Race Theory: An Introduction. New York University Press, 2012.
Critical race theory has been the subject of scholarly debate for more than 40 years. The central claim is that race is a social construct and that racism is not simply a byproduct of individual prejudice and bias but also deeply established in judicial systems and legislative frameworks. These authors go into why Critical Race Theory is needed in our society and that includes classrooms. The authors dig into the theory and discussing the guiding principles of CRT: Purdue University, the American Bar Association, and Britannica that race is a societal construct made to marginalize people of color. The law and legal institutions in the United States are fundamentally racist to the extent that they uphold and establish racial disparities in social, political, and economic life. This source assists in understanding what CRT is and why it is needed.
Eddings, J. (2020, December 8). Exploring race, class, and power in Young Adult literature. DigitalCommons@EMU.
Youth require support to comprehend enduring injustices. When children get older, they will see and experience prejudice and discrimination in the media, online, in the workplace, and elsewhere. When one child is treated worse than another, other children will either see it happen or experience it firsthand. They will become aware of the ways in which specific groups of people are underrepresented or left out of their textbooks, literature, and other school-related resources. The outcomes will be disproportionately negative for persons of color or other oppressed groups (e.g., Black boys and girls being are often disciplined more in school, men holding elected office more than women). This resource explores the many reasons that race, class, culture and power should be taught in Composition classrooms via YAL throughout the United States.
Epstein, K. K. (2012). A different view of urban schools: Civil Rights, Critical Race Theory, and unexplored realities. Revised edition. Counterpoints: Studies in the postmodern theory of education. Volume 291 (2nd ed.). Peter Lang Inc., International Academic Publishers.
This article goes into the true supporters of CRT and what still needs to be done to keep CRT in our society and in places like our classrooms. Universities like Harvard and Cornell have conducted research on CRT. A similar approach has been taken by the National Institutes of Health. Similar organizations concentrating on the racial experiences of Indian, Latino, and Asian Americans have also been inspired by the idea. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention had planned training on critical race theory before the Trump White House canceled the program last autumn. Most Democrats support critical race theory because they see it as a crucial wake-up call to racial inequalities in society, especially when it is used in education and specialized training. Those who are driven to bring about positive change, according to proponents, are those who have a personal understanding of institutional, historical, and cultural racism. This knowledge is said to be developed via awareness of these injustices. Hence why this source was used as it demonstrates the continued need for CRT.
Farr, A. (2023, February 13). Top critical race theory influencers. Academic Influence. Retrieved March 4, 2023, from https://academicinfluence.com/rankings/people/influential-critical-race-theorists
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On May 5, 1959, American civil rights activist and well-known figure in critical race theory Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw was born. She specializes in racial and gender issues while teaching at the UCLA School of Law and Columbia Law School. Crenshaw is recognized with developing the intersectional theory, which emphasizes how various social identities, particularly minority identities, are linked to various systems and structures of oppression, dominance, and discrimination. She also combines intersectional feminism, a branch of intersectional theory that is related, into her work. Analysis of the interwoven systems of oppression and discrimination that women experience because of their race, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status is the main goal of intersectional feminism. I decided I wanted to know more about Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw because I keep seeing her name pop up in sources. So, I found another source about leaders of CRT and the work they are doing now. This expands my knowledge on all leaders of the theory.
Kan, K. (2009, May 31). Multicultural book clubs : exploring cultural identity with young children through literature [G]. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.14288/1.0078041
Offering kids a selection of novels they want to read by multicultural authors from African American, Latinx, Asian, and Native American authors. For example, authors of African descent include Toni Morrison, Langston Hughes, and Alice Walker. The authors who represent other cultures such as Latinx include Sandra Cisneros, Carlos Fuentes, Gloria Anzaldua, and Isabel Allende. Authors of Asian descent like Julie Otsuka, Amy Tan, and Grace K. Shim can and need to be included. Finally, Native American writers like Sherman Alexie and N. Scott Momaday are crucial to YAL and the subject of race and culture. Many discussions, low-stakes exercises, and high-stakes tests will center on these authors. Also, it is crucial to the process to hold open conversations utilizing questions developed by the students. This source demonstrates how to use multicultural literature to talk about race and other crucial elements of critical race theory.
Karimi, F. (2021, May 10). What critical race theory is -- and isn't. CNN. Retrieved March 4, 2023, from https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/01/us/critical-race-theory-explainer-trnd/index.html
Some people think that "critical race theory" is a way to understand how racism in America has affected public policy and that it is a language that pits people of color against other people. Conservatives and liberals are currently at a pronounced ideological impasse. This problem has gained attention in the public this spring of 2021, particularly in K-12 where some state legislators are discussing measures that would forbid its usage in the classroom. The differences, however, are not as distinct as they would seem. The public has become more conscious of issues including housing segregation, the results of the 1990s criminal justice reform, and the repercussions of slavery on African Americans over the past ten years. Yet, there is far less consensus on the government's obligation to correct these historical wrongs. When children and education are brought up, the topic gets especially heated. This resource helps to understand just what CRT is and what it is not. There is a lot of mis-understanding out there about this theory so this source helps to set the record straight.
Layne, R., et al.teacher_canuk. (2016, March 14). Privilege walk lesson plan. Peace Learner.
Retrieved March 1, 2023, from https://peacelearner.org/2016/03/14/privilege-walk-lesson-plan/
The lesson "The Privilege Walk" is discussed in this source. This exercise poses several queries regarding the many privileges we may enjoy and those we do not enjoy. When conducted in a secure environment, this activity significantly impacts students' understanding of privilege and how their own lives may differ from those of other students due to traits like color, gender, socioeconomic status, language, and more. Language arts courses, among others, can now talk and write about racial issues and other topics due to this lesson. This source also goes into other ways to add to the activity by taking it a step further and watching Jane Elliot’s “Blue Eye/Brown Eye Study” and discussing and then writing about that in conjunction with the Privilege Walk. This source also discusses other methods to enhance the activity by going one step further and watching Jane Elliot's "Blue Eye/Brown Eye research," debating it and then writing about it in connection with the Privilege Walk.
Mari Matsuda.” Asian Americans Advancing Justice, https://www.advancingjustice-aajc.org/bio/mari-matsuda.
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I discovered the significance of Matsuda to Critical Race Theory. She has devoted a lot of research to proving that CRT is not anti-Asian Americans and that it was rather created to advance equality for all individuals, with an emphasis on promoting justice for people of color. All around the nation, Professor Matsuda is the subject of intense interest. She was designated "one of the 100 most influential Asian Americans" by A Magazine and "one of the 100 most dangerous professors in America" by a right-wing journal because of her anti-war and feminist works.
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Martinez, Aja. “Critical Race Theory: Its Origins, History, and Importance to the Discourses and Rhetoric’s of Race.” Experts@Syracuse, 1 Jan. 2014, Vol. 27.2 Frame-Journal of Literacy Studies https://experts.syr.edu/en/publications/critical-race-theory-its-origins-history-and-importance-to-the-di.
The idea underlying Critical Race Theory was developed by civil rights activists like W.E.B. Du Bois, Fannie Lou Hamer, and Pauli Murray, whose work dates back far longer, to the 1960s and 1970s. But in 1989, at the first yearly Workshop on Critical Race Theory, Critical Race Theory (CRT) was formally established. Its immediate predecessor was the critical legal studies (CLS) movement, which focused on examining how the legal system and institutions serve the needs of the powerful and wealthy at the expense of the weak and disadvantaged. Political or ideological issues, as well as precedent and principles of legal reasoning, have an impact on the law, especially at the appellate level). There is also quite a bit here in this resource about the current leaders of CRT such as Richard Delgado and Derrick Bell. Understanding the history of CRT helps to understand what CRT aims to accomplish and adds depth to a theory that has been around for decades.
Schwartz, S. (2023, February 27). Map: Where critical race theory is under attack. Education Week. Retrieved March 4, 2023, from https://www.edweek.org/policy-politics/map-where-critical-race-theory-is-under-attack/2021/06
This article describes the 44 out of the 50 states in the US that forbid the teaching of critical racial theory in the classroom. This article, which was first published in 2021, has been updated to include even more states that oppose CRT. The article includes remarks made against CRT by Florida's governor, Desantis, former "President" Donald Trump, and others. There are exact quotes from these politicians and others explaining why CRT should be prohibited. Another issue is that a lot of people are unaware of what CRT is and how crucial it is.
UCLA LAW. “Harris, Cheryl: UCLA Law.” UCLA School of Law, https://law.ucla.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/cheryl-i-harris.
Though I had some information about Cheryl Harris, I wanted to know more, so I researched. Cheryl I. Harris teaches constitutional law, civil rights, employment discrimination, critical race theory, and race-conscious legal strategies at the UCLA School of Law. In terms of civil rights and civil liberties, she holds the Rosalinde and Arthur Gilbert Foundation Chair. It has been essential to her work to comprehend the connections between race theory, civil rights action, politics, and human rights. For example, she was vital in planning several important seminars that fostered dialogue between American legal experts and South African lawyers while drafting South Africa's first democratic constitution. Her popular and influential piece, "Whiteness as Property," was greatly influenced by this work.
Will, M. (2021, October 19). Calls to ban books by black authors are increasing amid critical race theory debates. Education Week. Retrieved March 4, 2023, from https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/calls-to-ban-books-by-black-authors-are-increasing-amid-critical-race-theory-debates/2021/09
This article is about the many books that have been banned that are about racism. Other books have also been banned about serious social topics like suicide and bullying. Still, the focus this article is more focused on CRT-focused young adult literature about racism in the United States. Furthermore, as various states work to eliminate CRT, more and more books about race will be banned. This is only the beginning. This is also not a comprehensive list in this source, but the source does provide some of the most popular young adult novels that have been banned from United States high schools.
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